Zobrist key random numbers

[steffan]

Random idea:

zobrist[piece][square] = rotate_left(deBruijn[piece], square);

I've used rotated numbers too and this appears to work well. Very useful for designs that demand minimal memory or lookup tables.

Cheers,
Steffan

[bob]

... With 12-bit keys 0xFF0, 0xF0F and 0x0FF all have hamming distance 8, which is pretty good for 12-bit keys, and they also all have distance 8 to 0x000. Nevertheless they are dependent, and would spoil any set that containst them.

Actually that is not possible, and the "why" is trivial to see. You have 785 _other_ numbers that have to have 32 different bits from all 3 of the above keys, which is not possible at all...

I don't understand what you are saying here. What exactly do you consider to be impossible? It can't be that the keys I gave are dependent (because they obviously are). And if three keys are dependent, thety do spoil the entire set, no matter how large the set is. But a 12-bit example can of course not be projected to a real chess board needing 788 keys.

What is not possible is to use the values you gave, upper half ones, lower half ones, and all ones, and then generate other numbers that only have a hamming distance of 32 or higher, including those three, to fill the 788 element array. I've tried way over 4,000,000,000 64 bit random numbers and have only gotten to 23 as the min between any pair. 24 might be possible, and perhaps 25 or 26. But 32 seems well out of reach

So to not discuss too much in abstracto, let me revise the example to 64-bit:

Having keys

Code: Select all

k1 = 0xFFFFFFFFFFC00000
k2 = 0xFFFFF800003FFFFF
k3 = 0x000007FFFFFFFFFF

In terms of hamming distance, we have

d(k1,k2) = 42
d(k2,k3) = 42
d(k1,k3) = 43
d(k1,0) = 42
d(k2,0) = 43
d(k3,0) = 43

Furthermore, each of the keys would have a hamming distance of on the average 32 to any random 64-bit number drawn from a homogeneous distribution. So in terms of hamming distance, they don't spoil anything, and are in fact very likely to drive up the average, despite the effort you take to maximize the distance within the remaining 785 keys.

But that is overlooking my original constraint that _all_ pairs of numbers in the set have to have a hamming distance >= N. So far N is at least 23...

But they would make the set totally useless if they were used such that they could appear together in a key, such as Pawn keys for f2, g2, h2. No matter what the other 785 keys are, positions with a full Pawn shield for the King on g1 would be constantly confused with those where the king is totally bare, all other pieces being positioned identically.

I don't disagree. But purely random numbers with no checks at all offer plenty of room for that or worse. When I first looked at this, a classic PRNG produced two numbers that were the _same_ in these numbers, and they just happened to cause an odd book move to be played that lost a game instantly.

The search is less likely since the depth is more limited, to find enough random numbers to cancel each other out and produce a collision. But for a game history that can go 200 moves or longer, it can happen (and did in fact).

I started testing the numbers initially because of that specific book error, after re-reading Wendroff's paper where he discussed how much "protection" a set of numbers would offer in terms of consecutive moves with random numbers comprising the signature.

[Dann Corbit]

There is an exponential slowdown with my method. For 26 bits, I have more or less frozen on 347 distinct values (so I will have to try for a smaller set):

Code: Select all

7266447313870364031,
4946485549665804864,
16945909448695747420,
16394063075524226720,
4873882236456199058,
14877448043947020171,
13857871200353263164,
5249110015610582907,
1235879089597390050,
17320312680810499042,
8942268601720066061,
14226945236717732373,
9383926873555417063,
11510704754157191257,
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236502320419669032,
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5250162757012130834,
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18059638503665417019,
4038533795659869059,
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125881399269187320,
5230839931433374219,
1531203087033921236,

[hgm]

What is not possible is to use the values you gave, upper half ones, lower half ones, and all ones, and then generate other numbers that only have a hamming distance of 32 or higher, including those three, to fill the 788 element array. I've tried way over 4,000,000,000 64 bit random numbers and have only gotten to 23 as the min between any pair. 24 might be possible, and perhaps 25 or 26. But 32 seems well out of reach

But that is overlooking my original constraint that _all_ pairs of numbers in the set have to have a hamming distance >= N. So far N is at least 23...

I never said that it was possible to give all keys a distance of 32, nor is this needed. I only wanted to point out that a set of keys with a very good hamming distance can easily hide dependincies of the worst possible kind. (Well, perhaps except having two equal keys, which would be worse.) And the offending keys could be amongst those with the best hamming distance to all other keys, and each other.

Try the following:

Take the "best" set of 788 you were able to generate, and select the three keys from it that had the largest minimum hamming distance to all others. I.e., if the keys are k_i {0<i<=778}, define the "isolation" of a key i as min(d(k_i,k_j) over all j != i, and d(x,y) the hamming distance between x and y, and pick the three keys with the largest isolation. Call these k_a, k_b and k_c.

Now calculate M = k_a ^ k_b ^ k_c.

Then transform all keys in the set to K_i = M^k_i. This transformation leaves the hamming distance invariant, as x^y = (M^x)^(M^y). So the transformed set is just as "optimal" with respect to minimum hamming distance as your original one.

But

K_a^K_b^K_c = (M^k_a) ^ (M^k_b) ^ (M^k^c) = (M^M^M) ^ (k_a^k_b^k_c)
= (M) ^ (M) = 0.

So your "best" three keys in terms of hamming distance w.r.t. all other keys are now in fact the worst 3 keys, causing collisions between boards with just 3 mutations between them, and rendering the set with this large minimal hamming distance totally useless.

[Dann Corbit]

For 23 or more on Hamming distance, it is very easy by brute force to collect a set in just a few minutes.

Using this code:

Code: Select all

/*
   A C-program for MT19937-64 (2004/9/29 version).
   Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.

   This is a 64-bit version of Mersenne Twister pseudorandom number
   generator.

   Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand64(seed)
   or init_by_array64(init_key, key_length).

   Copyright (C) 2004, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
   All rights reserved.

   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   are met:

     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

     3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
        products derived from this software without specific prior written
        permission.

   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

   References:
   T. Nishimura, ``Tables of 64-bit Mersenne Twisters''
     ACM Transactions on Modeling and
     Computer Simulation 10. (2000) 348--357.
   M. Matsumoto and T. Nishimura,
     ``Mersenne Twister: a 623-dimensionally equidistributed
       uniform pseudorandom number generator''
     ACM Transactions on Modeling and
     Computer Simulation 8. (Jan. 1998) 3--30.

   Any feedback is very welcome.
   http://www.math.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html
   email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove spaces)
*/


#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define NN 312
#define MM 156
#define MATRIX_A 0xB5026F5AA96619E9ULL
#define UM 0xFFFFFFFF80000000ULL/* Most significant 33 bits */
#define LM 0x7FFFFFFFULL        /* Least significant 31 bits */


/* The array for the state vector */
static unsigned long long mt&#91;NN&#93;;
/* mti==NN+1 means mt&#91;NN&#93; is not initialized */
static int      mti = NN + 1;

/* initializes mt&#91;NN&#93; with a seed */
void            init_genrand64&#40;unsigned long long seed&#41;
&#123;
    mt&#91;0&#93; = seed;
    for &#40;mti = 1; mti < NN; mti++)
        mt&#91;mti&#93; = &#40;6364136223846793005ULL * &#40;mt&#91;mti - 1&#93; ^ &#40;mt&#91;mti - 1&#93; >> 62&#41;) + mti&#41;;
&#125;

/* initialize by an array with array-length */
/* init_key is the array for initializing keys */
/* key_length is its length */
void            init_by_array64&#40;unsigned long long init_key&#91;&#93;,
                                              unsigned long long key_length&#41;
&#123;
    unsigned long long i,
                    j,
                    k;
    init_genrand64&#40;19650218ULL&#41;;
    i = 1;
    j = 0;
    k = &#40;NN > key_length ? NN &#58; key_length&#41;;
    for (; k; k--) &#123;
        mt&#91;i&#93; = &#40;mt&#91;i&#93; ^ (&#40;mt&#91;i - 1&#93; ^ &#40;mt&#91;i - 1&#93; >> 62&#41;) * 3935559000370003845ULL&#41;)
            + init_key&#91;j&#93; + j;  /* non linear */
        i++;
        j++;
        if &#40;i >= NN&#41; &#123;
            mt&#91;0&#93; = mt&#91;NN - 1&#93;;
            i = 1;
        &#125;
        if &#40;j >= key_length&#41;
            j = 0;
    &#125;
    for &#40;k = NN - 1; k; k--) &#123;
        mt&#91;i&#93; = &#40;mt&#91;i&#93; ^ (&#40;mt&#91;i - 1&#93; ^ &#40;mt&#91;i - 1&#93; >> 62&#41;) * 2862933555777941757ULL&#41;)
            - i;                /* non linear */
        i++;
        if &#40;i >= NN&#41; &#123;
            mt&#91;0&#93; = mt&#91;NN - 1&#93;;
            i = 1;
        &#125;
    &#125;

    mt&#91;0&#93; = 1ULL << 63;        /* MSB is 1; assuring non-zero initial array */
&#125;

/* generates a random number on &#91;0, 2^64-1&#93;-interval */
unsigned long long genrand64_int64&#40;void&#41;
&#123;
    int             i;
    unsigned long long x;
    static unsigned long long mag01&#91;2&#93; = &#123;0ULL, MATRIX_A&#125;;

    if &#40;mti >= NN&#41; &#123;            /* generate NN words at one time */

        /* if init_genrand64&#40;) has not been called, */
        /* a default initial seed is used     */
        if &#40;mti == NN + 1&#41;
            init_genrand64&#40;5489ULL&#41;;

        for &#40;i = 0; i < NN - MM; i++) &#123;
            x = &#40;mt&#91;i&#93; & UM&#41; | &#40;mt&#91;i + 1&#93; & LM&#41;;
            mt&#91;i&#93; = mt&#91;i + MM&#93; ^ &#40;x >> 1&#41; ^ mag01&#91;&#40;int&#41; &#40;x & 1ULL&#41;&#93;;
        &#125;
        for (; i < NN - 1; i++) &#123;
            x = &#40;mt&#91;i&#93; & UM&#41; | &#40;mt&#91;i + 1&#93; & LM&#41;;
            mt&#91;i&#93; = mt&#91;i + &#40;MM - NN&#41;&#93; ^ &#40;x >> 1&#41; ^ mag01&#91;&#40;int&#41; &#40;x & 1ULL&#41;&#93;;
        &#125;
        x = &#40;mt&#91;NN - 1&#93; & UM&#41; | &#40;mt&#91;0&#93; & LM&#41;;
        mt&#91;NN - 1&#93; = mt&#91;MM - 1&#93; ^ &#40;x >> 1&#41; ^ mag01&#91;&#40;int&#41; &#40;x & 1ULL&#41;&#93;;

        mti = 0;
    &#125;
    x = mt&#91;mti++&#93;;

    x ^= &#40;x >> 29&#41; & 0x5555555555555555ULL;
    x ^= &#40;x << 17&#41; & 0x71D67FFFEDA60000ULL;
    x ^= &#40;x << 37&#41; & 0xFFF7EEE000000000ULL;
    x ^= &#40;x >> 43&#41;;

    return x;
&#125;

/* generates a random number on &#91;0, 2^63-1&#93;-interval */
long long       genrand64_int63&#40;void&#41;
&#123;
    return &#40;long long&#41; &#40;genrand64_int64&#40;) >> 1&#41;;
&#125;

/* generates a random number on &#91;0,1&#93;-real-interval */
double          genrand64_real1&#40;void&#41;
&#123;
    return &#40;genrand64_int64&#40;) >> 11&#41; * &#40;1.0 / 9007199254740991.0&#41;;
&#125;

/* generates a random number on &#91;0,1&#41;-real-interval */
double          genrand64_real2&#40;void&#41;
&#123;
    return &#40;genrand64_int64&#40;) >> 11&#41; * &#40;1.0 / 9007199254740992.0&#41;;
&#125;

/* generates a random number on &#40;0,1&#41;-real-interval */
double          genrand64_real3&#40;void&#41;
&#123;
    return (&#40;genrand64_int64&#40;) >> 12&#41; + 0.5&#41; * &#40;1.0 / 4503599627370496.0&#41;;
&#125;

unsigned long long hamdist&#40;unsigned long long x, unsigned long long y&#41;
&#123;
    unsigned long long dist = 0,
                    val = x ^ y;
    while &#40;val&#41; &#123;
        ++dist;
        val &= val - 1;
    &#125;
    return dist;
&#125;

unsigned long long ullData&#91;1001&#93; = &#123;0x7d497d2f7a15eaf8&#125;;
unsigned long long dist_distrib&#91;64&#93;;
unsigned long long bigdiff&#91;1360070 * 2 + 1&#93;;
int             main&#40;void&#41;
&#123;
    size_t          i;
    size_t          nsofar = 0;
    size_t          ulldatadim = sizeof ullData / sizeof ullData&#91;0&#93;;
    unsigned long long init&#91;4&#93; = &#123;0x12345ULL, 0x23456ULL, 0x34567ULL, 0x45678ULL&#125;, length = 4;
    unsigned long long total = 0;
    unsigned long long hdmin = 64;
    unsigned long long hdmax = 0;
    unsigned long long popsize = 1;
    unsigned        oksofar = 1;
    init_by_array64&#40;init, length&#41;;
    while &#40;popsize < 1000&#41; &#123;
        unsigned long long q = genrand64_int64&#40;);
		 oksofar = 1;
        for &#40;i = 0; i < popsize; i++) &#123;
			unsigned long long h;
            if (&#40;h=hamdist&#40;q, ullData&#91;i&#93;)) < 24&#41; &#123;
                oksofar = 0;
                break;
            &#125;
        &#125;
        if &#40;oksofar&#41; &#123;
            ullData&#91;popsize++&#93; = q;
            printf&#40;"%llu,\n", q&#41;;
        &#125;
    &#125;
&#125;

I quickly generated this set of numbers:

Code: Select all

7266447313870364031,
4946485549665804864,
16945909448695747420,
16394063075524226720,
4873882236456199058,
14877448043947020171,
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1686024430943572105,
5702968287454907620,
1956902727697937167,
17133775405710140992,
1068264636956363649,
6478024642121015779,
16238687947785625011,
9037794509879725763,
9492872233752812516,
3013075772257500841,
17861131227795523840,
3207568859556488759,
12647523883169324699,
2138904502201427544,
3275011697176927090,
15358214018396172571,
12992112402073705045,
16845554512649653215,
18742449639875519,
13596859891559196740,
13426075886730108038,
11498193401679392747,
16554918849778015914,
6693259110504680952,
11068007414114481498,
15031600615271110846,
16915039384378332941,
16965971652048442808,
2805228884283956864,
13266457154030204801,
9113356832988394628,
4752139457708102565,
9374187400479837644,
7987308013595423555,
11335557882091649491,
6564107756504388667,
16676671079038635603,
14389610754465776508,
12208907610723030280,
1404207627336892455,
18129093985541615599,
3011957003813591363,
5103731539216620120,
11985408831071816364,
8886212782077038379,
15499287571778887269,
6115644674788544842,
6940921379544017100,
12008303302613859394,
4327726256281669977,
17396637511609480109,
17522490609682186116,
10764289495492126947,
15846495635508069559,
4006579737119843560,
8501453419409626034,
14902345471454293510,
8209387058803615393,
5879028109713426756,
14379486780292781325,
3662741253618663411,
15089075459218275296,
8982422692653457875,
15825534325394635716,
4160847737723961071,
7522695362760546344,
6944892085190875384,
9006190430756193652,
16537475877644756205,
10391543545289139615,
9468957811727775505,
2874535243372953467,
16610417466473455962,
5432043386984263822,
11300736915872747595,
11175465018812210620,
5346505397788459142,
17382992222512285672,
18416667481474744028,
15729805885816281093,
528619548661104339,
4193727026216190840,
8540759065024435797,
12809588388077246964,
4157381666307796279,
13439545384268686349,
10476601131560645152,
14635021400113324010,
7385869810852767216,
17489804380727317749,
473178655303644430,
6824661581052651634,
14493986231731557855,
17888886488826311210,
14413582266175909482,
2437572569965628929,
12774941764325664375,
11201369941043626547,
11495541249571049899,
12839439816503949388,
14846618736338472665,
16650820008437737103,
9948580981250172830,
5184041577668404165,
10379222904510705383,
13832791432129388436,
12276909775202651292,
7410127810410338732,
12130683480226924607,
14017496135319544031,
6860653085190953429,
3443041819506891188,
693572503710819543,
3531472405562073275,
15668286819122906112,
15427477814700549439,
12073839964796618661,
17507605560077946920,
2455365195181918791,
5964998669248654874,
15447880721255769419,
4469176972055685202,
15211694042356568608,
3759814231605665372,
18168445266382181794,
6509891475561581108,
12124751967199354237,
17848311530842249744,
17627624472618765247,
1223563903634178192,
2918849287364629264,
2746577282574245190,
18249210529947804762,
1387152020856480609,
3855972378689829637,
14111119528432513185,
6580174121676077055,
18265787066455576602,
10691648861204636862,
6833173963338540739,
8454814670236484282,
15036345140247192881,
9105289581939367919,
16703249455563584555,
10569135442141345919,
397017240905668054,
126198906736958735,
16591722875182706201,
5736319088835606273,
15916827908810835259,
16321683770365590218,
4536445586451618173,
9199827198413403170,
2588029247400550403,
1504353623037103694,

I guess that I can get quite a few more, because they are still trickling out of the generator.

This totally brute force method might be able to generate a 24 bit set but it would take a very long time. I guess that to get better sets with higher Hamming distances between each and every pair, a more sophisticated gathering method is needed.

But if you just need at least 23 bit hamming distance between every pair in the set, then the above set should be fine.

[bob]

What is not possible is to use the values you gave, upper half ones, lower half ones, and all ones, and then generate other numbers that only have a hamming distance of 32 or higher, including those three, to fill the 788 element array. I've tried way over 4,000,000,000 64 bit random numbers and have only gotten to 23 as the min between any pair. 24 might be possible, and perhaps 25 or 26. But 32 seems well out of reach

But that is overlooking my original constraint that _all_ pairs of numbers in the set have to have a hamming distance >= N. So far N is at least 23...

I never said that it was possible to give all keys a distance of 32, nor is this needed. I only wanted to point out that a set of keys with a very good hamming distance can easily hide dependincies of the worst possible kind. (Well, perhaps except having two equal keys, which would be worse.) And the offending keys could be amongst those with the best hamming distance to all other keys, and each other.

Try the following:

Take the "best" set of 788 you were able to generate, and select the three keys from it that had the largest minimum hamming distance to all others. I.e., if the keys are k_i {0<i<=778}, define the "isolation" of a key i as min(d(k_i,k_j) over all j != i, and d(x,y) the hamming distance between x and y, and pick the three keys with the largest isolation. Call these k_a, k_b and k_c.

Now calculate M = k_a ^ k_b ^ k_c.

Then transform all keys in the set to K_i = M^k_i. This transformation leaves the hamming distance invariant, as x^y = (M^x)^(M^y). So the transformed set is just as "optimal" with respect to minimum hamming distance as your original one.

But

K_a^K_b^K_c = (M^k_a) ^ (M^k_b) ^ (M^k^c) = (M^M^M) ^ (k_a^k_b^k_c)
= (M) ^ (M) = 0.

So your "best" three keys in terms of hamming distance w.r.t. all other keys are now in fact the worst 3 keys, causing collisions between boards with just 3 mutations between them, and rendering the set with this large minimal hamming distance totally useless.

Got an email from someone that is more familiar with this stuff. He first told me that it is possible to produce 788 numbers with a min hamming distance of 28. But that this will be a linear code where XORing any two of the numbers will produce another number in the set. Which is not so desirable. So I am taking that data point and trying to decide what it means with respect to Zobrist numbers...

[bob]

There is an exponential slowdown with my method. For 26 bits, I have more or less frozen on 347 distinct values (so I will have to try for a smaller set):

Code: Select all

7266447313870364031,
4946485549665804864,
16945909448695747420,
16394063075524226720,
4873882236456199058,
14877448043947020171,
13857871200353263164,
5249110015610582907,
1235879089597390050,
17320312680810499042,
8942268601720066061,
14226945236717732373,
9383926873555417063,
11510704754157191257,
6489677788245343319,
236502320419669032,
13670483975188204088,
8904234204977263924,
17251681303478610375,
13075804672185204371,
10831805955733617705,
1074659097419704618,
17119870085051257224,
10949279256701751503,
17618792803942051220,
957923366004347591,
1012818702180800310,
974125122787311712,
1861591264068118966,
3809841506498447207,
13408683141069553686,
13900005529547645957,
16475327524349230602,
13554353441017344755,
4738086532119935073,
6788940719869959076,
11670856244972073775,
2488756775360218862,
11016608897122070904,
13978444093099579683,
11628184459157386459,
4249175367970221090,
7306216312942796257,
2889379661594013754,
17310575136995821873,
3435082195390932486,
7444710627467609883,
11216615872596820107,
5770016989916553752,
1845293119018433391,
1259990987526807294,
15531278677382192198,
16317667579273275294,
9134927878875794005,
9030000260502624168,
3115849849651526279,
10637177623943913351,
16428252083632828910,
15722061259110909195,
1524477318846038424,
3443401252003315103,
9689406052675046032,
3609534220891499022,
9281161952002617309,
147649915388326849,
10131486500045494660,
8517521928922081563,
2836463788873877488,
9570032848237657586,
10863668391515109722,
1552803150609742001,
2790375502200557313,
9038024825497430573,
91888768090624853,
18145740993490813283,
12654149022202498759,
4206418103243872757,
7233523623977397383,
16215672393055652545,
10738887894178969425,
18204068107936511697,
14383128117587060157,
15849831596023436356,
17675390291979846750,
2977578850677699908,
4893323648315952120,
1286466090879300568,
9888911152046881084,
3183884142852054126,
13772224761560358678,
9094920381744576493,
16129742540997802980,
16945398958854163835,
17650197551112766205,
4852422776459831315,
9362357443732597760,
2374087830147132659,
15000861190071109560,
2902081674035190433,
15810933559568492050,
12678167969995957047,
1798389442866720091,
14599659047605763816,
17782026137486407602,
3027116614594121997,
6496187495111652573,
9859717582333494749,
5930885232297252456,
4061277839767617930,
12035499765197893420,
4370560942875640999,
5634383789002676726,
8907175724738102010,
16593287713411177161,
3325238609365118367,
17125462708636491154,
10188578131352743024,
15161949016576385831,
6657699133553403854,
2352226978179009098,
3859532089524191730,
17631674258545638758,
17581014988572303447,
7458819045178438285,
5488240155574034654,
7788457792396395633,
1234217808918573134,
10045923023026503261,
2803693151878023143,
15042951576086758915,
1809970995609003345,
6472832596573079460,
10531013421297635766,
9687689322966646953,
5309220766259687196,
16099895359080387221,
15463291357721078947,
14892243053368326929,
15913028219213787856,
17114854711077298999,
6881183452302138939,
9743703211409053724,
6120184892838179370,
4488025338083630045,
6932643716586102064,
7085729815153112724,
2577286319771781656,
3212578193372804795,
7140055923216537951,
11545784650358033961,
15097420044622846756,
9577429288174440901,
1651506457155992685,
17206783877956047023,
4977537220776361209,
16799175153209517804,
17623046094747753280,
16695848152965592420,
807005292018537624,
5694219642130963465,
17782774995076800672,
5025236171457631467,
11601588411391151733,
13800826249802546619,
8320715347883164621,
15765965395656039061,
9783656346475123313,
15660593116602060011,
12686638988178810220,
4601829680043422926,
13649469918759116343,
11072681934824066811,
3484285465118294452,
5250162757012130834,
11822278712571422607,
16820676274862823347,
2258483262623939360,
18059638503665417019,
4038533795659869059,
9217581272623145121,
10474525469047663535,
1704011107366220345,
15761773994985082820,
1396662462031085091,
11499399103501446733,
8253913244279442889,
18014518805502248392,
10766750626076003259,
13347551569433141972,
12285514714001968960,
12601751059746685848,
4088019966658540820,
7550841428494759028,
14457212971848820997,
16415384305117522006,
3274893893751255634,
10659638677637579954,
6338371175383690179,
18162230369769586150,
428321177825102899,
15817001710821818046,
12235635129931490851,
13527122555395203005,
2178128838908381672,
14367385536076681562,
12915933956577960132,
4652351249928028414,
4951391482976146214,
7296771005593252278,
14127467184305310300,
16956161371242220606,
2288730399829329044,
10224299563023357164,
15302392990651373659,
5732367270286632815,
7889985811968217208,
5521408468444455621,
3010954896914979971,
14717388125128732814,
17543622707664214218,
16699503790769821674,
5300069125018992847,
4491717662350224528,
6179887503359229642,
10444048407325898982,
12310419282952883445,
9615039512616912255,
8912906368760218223,
2736639230152280465,
1466229153547721039,
2954109638740141000,
11746874332443504878,
10637552291778782845,
17962194647643634986,
7190730870912935711,
15378933026600388229,
7415343666878271746,
4247889442676475641,
17929428741300739597,
6205303292541642307,
11123091740953949733,
784117286214737662,
11137709922435249100,
14725228923085766997,
10386402860586212951,
13143405698908382732,
196620903144528027,
10705589578384286810,
13817879522456382188,
9229688921939842696,
16633756859233364337,
1032072982178823495,
6370454774064667856,
12850106475877076817,
12267618954701302483,
8145470530489095863,
1814673802044807488,
9225545243819924881,
14884320946805680190,
7015855463293451660,
15665030223840195079,
17002420156823161993,
3049382545994967746,
17417472035022723033,
12396544237084354931,
6725541218060571039,
9710463154252506414,
9950389178902628715,
2371212431907900846,
18374266211527465082,
14109608474880409885,
10041272077912916256,
5726527053967358581,
11966583246028264826,
16565423595231842294,
4787603906131836800,
2358971807316617129,
701848729445873300,
7462412777600825764,
17256139670461659054,
18098924730684751225,
503596689135387308,
17615667363549849844,
3787023102090135939,
10889153560001930160,
9630600983458854043,
14840676362451429709,
15285971904287568249,
760130182760799549,
18273147886613016929,
17988260782976079957,
10576771164953308062,
1374404921073484550,
5711543178872819554,
7267384182398429791,
3847053869966350600,
11350390488874863454,
18034667604288436754,
15728235335976939570,
1690501778949613150,
10549826829132374141,
8187654266517442902,
14570575066764711251,
8330819712241433781,
17436220147483706956,
1259157189813452226,
13025642373655069123,
14356472637065835570,
16222490068333456653,
2485152632185027389,
2742816983698754277,
2661133492768338581,
2301215659926313223,
13233097894633159274,
12656717602888925661,
10165318829475529952,
17104609321564382922,
10325932561555029770,
6413244029449044455,
8191767193394389622,
10270929734388613920,
12291445944674790578,
10802320535004165936,
3928453647719019674,
10318533838179330761,
18290228294878833931,
17117845830988322373,
12942239967337847160,
11380882416157141219,
13460991881535950924,
3587389546577196427,
5111810686918228644,
4114159579120732836,
8946597124993059928,
5207951741791249331,
1411671654137597246,
7702399104537211022,
4568625842739988035,
563893241007464401,
17187067130913047100,
11828988545797689038,
11702908455376917457,
8794147767634410081,
10079173818009207539,
125881399269187320,
5230839931433374219,
1531203087033921236,

Someone who knows the theory behind this sent me an email stating that 28 is possible. But the numbers would be highly undesirable as XORing any two would produce another number in the set which is not so hot...

[hgm]

Got an email from someone that is more familiar with this stuff. He first told me that it is possible to produce 788 numbers with a min hamming distance of 28. But that this will be a linear code where XORing any two of the numbers will produce another number in the set. Which is not so desirable. So I am taking that data point and trying to decide what it means with respect to Zobrist numbers...

Well, that illustrates my point in an even more dramatic way than I ever could have imagined. So maximum hamming distance actually produces a totally useless set of keys.

I guess we'd better get back to basics, and look for keys that makes the smallest difference that must exist between two positions before they can collide as large as possible. I.e. analyze the set in terms of dependent sub-sets, and make the smallest subset of keys that could combine to zero as large as possible.

For a 64-bit key this will be hard: in a randomly chosen set will in general not be any dependent sets of 7 or smaller. We have about 3*2^8 keys, so the number of combinations of 8 keys is about (3*2^8)^8/8! = 0.16*2^64. As each 64-bit result only has a 1/2^64 probability of being zero, this means there is a fair chance none of the combinations of 8 keys hits zero.

The number of 9-key subsets is ~768/9 times as large, or about 15*2^64. Thes means that the probability of 0 nort being hit by any of them is only exp(-15) = 1/2^22. So only after several million tries you would find one. But fortunately the 1/2^22 probability of 0 being hit is the same for any other 64-bit number, i.e. 1 in 4 million numbers will not occur amongst the 9-key "products". It is just a matter of finding one that doesn't. Then you can transform the set by XORing every key in the set with that number. As 9 is odd, this means that every product of 9 keyys will also be XORed with that number. This maps the number that could not be made by combining any 9 keys onto zero, so that in the transformed set no sub-set of 9 keys is dependent.

One problem is that making all combinations of 9 keys out of 788 is totally undoable. I could not go farther than 4, and even that took a full night.

[Dann Corbit]

Here is a set of 999 unsigned long long integers with a hamming distance between any two values in the set of at least 23, together with the verification program:

Code: Select all

static const unsigned long long hv[] =
{
    7266447313870364031,
    4946485549665804864,
    16945909448695747420,
    16394063075524226720,
    4873882236456199058,
    14877448043947020171,
    6740343660852211943,
    13857871200353263164,
    5249110015610582907,
    1235879089597390050,
    17320312680810499042,
    16489141110565194782,
    13520575722002588570,
    14226945236717732373,
    9383926873555417063,
    11510704754157191257,
    15864264574919463609,
    6489677788245343319,
    5112602299894754389,
    10828930062652518694,
    15942305434158995996,
    236502320419669032,
    14931360615268175698,
    8904234204977263924,
    12836915408046564963,
    12120302420213647524,
    15755110976537356441,
    17251681303478610375,
    18286145806977825275,
    13075804672185204371,
    12903857913610213846,
    560691676108914154,
    1074659097419704618,
    14266121283820281686,
    11696403736022963346,
    12893913769120703138,
    2511068401785704737,
    3774730664208216065,
    5083371700846102796,
    9583498264570933637,
    17119870085051257224,
    5217910858257235075,
    10949279256701751503,
    15596196964072664893,
    14097948002655599357,
    5636498760852923045,
    17618792803942051220,
    13212228678420887626,
    6210242862396777185,
    1012818702180800310,
    15299383925974515757,
    974125122787311712,
    1861591264068118966,
    997568339582634050,
    17981867688435687790,
    9460108917638135678,
    16172980638639374310,
    15773550354402817866,
    16475327524349230602,
    13554353441017344755,
    6788940719869959076,
    11670856244972073775,
    2488756775360218862,
    2061695363573180185,
    3566345954323888697,
    6864898938209826895,
    7198730565322227090,
    10827695224855383989,
    11016608897122070904,
    3956319990205097495,
    5804870313319323478,
    8017203611194497730,
    3310931575584983808,
    5009341981771541845,
    14415278059151389495,
    6715939435439735925,
    411419160297131328,
    4522402260441335284,
    3381955501804126859,
    9219789505504949817,
    11628184459157386459,
    7242398879359936370,
    13965005347172621081,
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    206906033204807862,
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    7156327130993769728,
    13710825350502898857,
    3847028599720329555,
    15300029126015513489,
    5307296276797954524,
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    4312331471581529866,
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    11441089604893336260,
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    3047035707044200937,
    5779039202666699403,
    641739833565391248,
    16580648647756784598,
    16754708488282152628
};

unsigned long long hamdist(unsigned long long x, unsigned long long y)
{
    unsigned long long dist = 0,
                    val = x ^ y;
    while (val) {
        ++dist;
        val &= val - 1;
    }
    return dist;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int             main&#40;void&#41;
&#123;
    unsigned long long i,
                    j;
    unsigned long long maxbad = 211,
                    totbad = 0;
    unsigned long long len = sizeof hv / sizeof hv&#91;0&#93;;
    for &#40;i = 0; i < len; i++) &#123;
        unsigned long long badcount = 0;
        for &#40;j = 0; j < len; j++) &#123;
            unsigned long long hd;

            if &#40;j == i&#41;
                continue;
            hd = hamdist&#40;hv&#91;i&#93;, hv&#91;j&#93;);
            if &#40;hd < 23&#41; &#123;
                badcount++;
                printf&#40;"(%llu,%llu&#41;, hamdist&#40;%llu,%llu&#41;=%llu\n", i, j, hv&#91;i&#93;, hv&#91;j&#93;, hd&#41;;
            &#125;
        &#125;
        if (&#40;len - badcount&#41; < 788&#41; &#123;
            printf&#40;"hv&#91;%llu&#93;=%llu is bad\n", i, hv&#91;i&#93;);
            totbad++;
        &#125;
    &#125;
    if &#40;totbad > maxbad&#41;
        printf&#40;"Too many bad values.\nMaximum 211 bad values can be tolerated but there were %llu.\n", totbad&#41;;
    return 0;
&#125;

[Dann Corbit]

Here is the data reformatted a bit together with an interface:

Code: Select all

static const unsigned long long ham23bit[999] = {
    0x64d79b552a559d7fULL,
    0x44a572665a6ee240ULL,
    0xeb2bf6dc3d72135cULL,
    0xe3836981f9f82ea0ULL,
    0x43a38212350ee392ULL,
    0xce77502bffcacf8bULL,
    0x5d8a82d90126f0e7ULL,
    0xc0510c6f402c1e3cULL,
    0x48d895bf8b69f77bULL,
    0x1126b97be8c91ce2ULL,
    0xf05e1c9dc2674be2ULL,
    0xe4d5327a12874c1eULL,
    0xbba2bbfbecbc239aULL,
    0xc5704350b17f0215ULL,
    0x823a67c5f88337e7ULL,
    0x9fbe3cfcd1f08059ULL,
    0xdc29309412e352b9ULL,
    0x5a0ff7908b1b3c57ULL,
    0x46f39cb43b126c55ULL,
    0x9648168491f3b126ULL,
    0xdd3e72538fd39a1cULL,
    0x0348399b7d2b8428ULL,
    0xcf36d95eae514f52ULL,
    0x7b9231d5308d7534ULL,
    0xb225e28cfc5aa663ULL,
    0xa833f6d5c72448a4ULL,
    0xdaa565f5815de899ULL,
    0xef6a48be001729c7ULL,
    0xfdc570ba2fe979fbULL,
    0xb57697121dfdfe93ULL,
    0xb313b667a4d999d6ULL,
    0x07c7fa1bd6fd7deaULL,
    0x0ee9f4c15c57e92aULL,
    0xc5fb71b8f4bf5f56ULL,
    0xa251f93a4b335492ULL,
    0xb2f0624214f522a2ULL,
    0x22d91b683f251121ULL,
    0x3462898a2ae7b001ULL,
    0x468bc3a10a34890cULL,
    0x84ff6ce56552b185ULL,
    0xed95ff232c511188ULL,
    0x4869be47a8137c83ULL,
    0x97f3a778e242d0cfULL,
    0xd870d281b293af3dULL,
    0xc3a5f903a836fafdULL,
    0x4e38ddc2719162a5ULL,
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    0xb75b43fb4c81784aULL,
    0x562f36fae610a2e1ULL,
    0x0e0e413e555bd736ULL,
    0xd452549efe08402dULL,
    0x0d84c9a356858060ULL,
    0x19d5b3643bc029b6ULL,
    0x0dd8131e97ffc842ULL,
    0xf98c6d63ff48a16eULL,
    0x83490ef054537f7eULL,
    0xe071f833e55ebfe6ULL,
    0xdae6e879b8eab74aULL,
    0xe4a41f17e70d3e0aULL,
    0xbc1abca3fbeeb2f3ULL,
    0x5e37299d89089ba4ULL,
    0xa1f735eb8235b32fULL,
    0x2289d719e7b146eeULL,
    0x1c9c9d0284d96719ULL,
    0x317e34c009a07a39ULL,
    0x5f45053666f3f84fULL,
    0x63e7074f03c73d92ULL,
    0x9643b3707db2cfb5ULL,
    0x98e2db6c665e7178ULL,
    0x36e7ac11d1f3a617ULL,
    0x508f0acb609bd756ULL,
    0x6f42d435193a1ac2ULL,
    0x2df2cab9d65e0b00ULL,
    0x4584c1fde5f1ad55ULL,
    0xc80d5b04f6337337ULL,
    0x5d33cf557e6c4475ULL,
    0x05b5a78be74ccd40ULL,
    0x3ec2cce5290785f4ULL,
    0x2eef1e9c4b36828bULL,
    0x7ff345b4eb7f3639ULL,
    0xa15f9c2826cb34dbULL,
    0x64822b68adefa772ULL,
    0xc1cdaa5f9ca79b19ULL,
    0x5094cafab11cbc3aULL,
    0x94d40a57481346b5ULL,
    0x0d493e410b68b6c6ULL,
    0x71c1b0ba9e52a2deULL,
    0xa7448d0059484568ULL,
    0x2819237e5e8cb03aULL,
    0x91e060fb399ecf2cULL,
    0x5e650b9a3cb34308ULL,
    0xe482d24e5b239833ULL,
    0x52ed7d9f45c6b578ULL,
    0x332f7ce3e077ecceULL,
    0x1ead372c068ebb04ULL,
    0x5b057c64bda94a33ULL,
    0xe974ffd57219e5e6ULL,
    0x6750ecdf35c8471bULL,
    0x2c6983c911c958afULL,
    0x3220a56d67450e80ULL,
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    0x167cc7f46a511504ULL,
    0x36374630d0ecb4e8ULL,
    0x501337e1a7f1e218ULL,
    0x589b8eaea60d54a4ULL,
    0x8f1a8c1b84b3ba62ULL,
    0xf69ffb64131633aeULL,
    0xa837ae34963616fbULL,
    0x11753aea03bb0ecdULL,
    0x32d9cca610dceb34ULL,
    0x94c1190da321d470ULL,
    0x321e26bf321fb60bULL,
    0xc9202ac8ba71c873ULL,
    0x284d02d7552a3e90ULL,
    0xa6e86f7ba2779a5cULL,
    0xd798bd6d52ad26daULL,
    0x8f675048b7b012e5ULL,
    0xe5e469aac68eaf1dULL,
    0xc5967cdf353aeac6ULL,
    0x59926f3401f437d4ULL,
    0xfb49ab0635d66c3aULL,
    0x316558d69efc8f6bULL,
    0xfa9f65d2b4848b12ULL,
    0x2b92665a263a5091ULL,
    0x4171d5edd5468876ULL,
    0x99bb4bf79b0a46c1ULL,
    0x939ed8b0d7e91f87ULL,
    0x8cb11929a65b6aeeULL,
    0xbe6415659e12c64bULL,
    0xbf2f4f23a6c92295ULL,
    0x7890bc68793bb959ULL,
    0x2a060f45a1719347ULL,
    0x374635e7713ed165ULL,
    0xbfb945ef1cf94d1dULL,
    0xeade93e19d60d4b5ULL,
    0x4b7519cb9028ac83ULL,
    0x9555a4144e05ad82ULL,
    0x0301a07c84aaccdbULL,
    0x93dee719932225a3ULL,
    0x1528080b61f54198ULL,
    0x2fc96b31dccafd9fULL,
    0xe9fb2e3998d16a25ULL,
    0xd5340e98fde806deULL,
    0xc742bc0d0c55f125ULL,
    0x3a9fa27258257e53ULL,
    0xc12dc512aedc530cULL,
    0xc8db824276c083ceULL,
    0xb3c98071a3d13b20ULL,
    0xf8d5ab01c1ad6b55ULL,
    0x679e0601953d1e31ULL,
    0x96fc350ccdb76eabULL,
    0x9fa0178362df447bULL,
    0x451717a061972d1fULL,
    0x0bbcbdae779cfbf3ULL,
    0x7e2e9ef35a5aafbaULL,
    0x68f4654bcc07435bULL,
    0x30c6e14df59f8cefULL,
    0xcfe629aa56717e20ULL,
    0xfde48d87e844ec93ULL,
    0x7c9d88364238519fULL,
    0xe4ec475d296a69e5ULL,
    0xf2ebc493b909d8c7ULL,
    0x13834d3d0e43ab73ULL,
    0x2dc12f9f04435661ULL,
    0x563de834c4e56a46ULL,
    0x9ec02036a6688a24ULL,
    0x9847468f925dc38cULL,
    0x8b0e5dca588e3f50ULL,
    0x82337b3f1764851cULL,
    0xd4166b32a26fc1c6ULL,
    0x43e20045bcb06b0eULL,
    0x3f58d1d6cd3aa0dcULL,
    0xaf3d8a578b6d6232ULL,
    0x762c21058ba50349ULL,
    0x275d24c9aa1607f0ULL,
    0x49efeab6642e9e45ULL,
    0x3a321e3dadbf9e95ULL,
    0x791c96a57ea29814ULL,
    0x18e883239eac0617ULL,
    0x0ba51d62eb24045eULL,
    0x98b487f3146aa174ULL,
    0xcda6a4dccb6b73c9ULL,
    0x9d66a7aa1fb4595cULL,
    0xe221af6f18e45563ULL,
    0x6e2c7411e8736390ULL,
    0xacedd32f47936b61ULL,
    0x7778b73e852e4d15ULL,
    0xefd873dd0e37c5adULL,
    0x48ab18694d85497dULL,
    0xbd7b6156c2c63188ULL,
    0xb193700fe9937383ULL,
    0x323beb9061b5af38ULL,
    0x617864f443ee06a2ULL,
    0x58faf5e64a26fbceULL,
    0xa1210472d9abf2e6ULL,
    0xb0880848c6f0ec2dULL,
    0x0d5d48f4beaf279cULL,
    0xaee3640ad56e1571ULL,
    0x98598e0027505d41ULL,
    0xc6a8c29b036a0730ULL,
    0x083dd247f0a9dfcdULL,
    0x186a5d13e79a2806ULL,
    0x889e7426b755fcc9ULL,
    0x684fca18cc613bcbULL,
    0x60dccc0ded809744ULL,
    0x246a423aef3f89bfULL,
    0x980cfc250f276150ULL,
    0x9583176b78273ec5ULL,
    0xd857f34b29fba06dULL,
    0xc22ea4dbd5d4eb3dULL,
    0x39846bce19845617ULL,
    0x253f6c2acb91153cULL,
    0xc4b501b09381f7dfULL,
    0x4c4faddbf9ff57a7ULL,
    0x8afdedfde82b6a2cULL,
    0xc262732b5299fcc7ULL,
    0xd4ade40c841b90d6ULL,
    0x206ed744bef46053ULL,
    0xed519f24bba3b7a0ULL,
    0x86a9224fd39784e2ULL,
    0xec32155b844684ccULL,
    0x5038fe125722e26bULL,
    0xc80c1dcc2a85da0eULL,
    0xff6afaec984bb0bdULL,
    0xbe81f9c9474c967fULL,
    0xc2fb0f16bcbf30ceULL,
    0xb5a94fce85369b23ULL,
    0x83b09f892f3e7604ULL,
    0x9d5cdb2eae76bc17ULL,
    0x21be002177dac1fdULL,
    0xb49075e6473925a9ULL,
    0xf3f148c32f156c69ULL,
    0x5c3c106d732d31a4ULL,
    0x5b15d80b4950f0c6ULL,
    0x4dee63522a811783ULL,
    0x4fd8a3e8ff9268e9ULL,
    0x1b67eb44e4c05609ULL,
    0x2786afb08475eb89ULL,
    0xf470219ba4d19b6bULL,
    0x1bea4e946fcdfe80ULL,
    0x21ebf22282a74064ULL,
    0x041b669aa8caba7fULL,
    0x89247e3e8fdac4e5ULL,
    0xafe9ec5185000ccaULL,
    0x353687e6f2b91aa7ULL,
    0x0c04d510680657cfULL,
    0x25cfd0ff7b4e767dULL,
    0xfe110bb08b44a041ULL,
    0xf91423aa2c286f94ULL,
    0x5cc6b88d98a3cec1ULL,
    0xbb59dedb371cb2a8ULL,
    0xad30d9b57c018abfULL,
    0x82c93115f2862155ULL,
    0x53d0184675025da2ULL,
    0x5b9eee674ed934bfULL,
    0xd3481a6a879631d9ULL,
    0x25df42a65e516091ULL,
    0x300d5fc62140a89dULL,
    0x9d613cdcdc06d7ecULL,
    0xdf64f2c261780baeULL,
    0xdc48e5079b7f1c6cULL,
    0xbf20c573c7a4df16ULL,
    0xb5f64fb1ef328cf0ULL,
    0x01584766a000e46aULL,
    0x9b1c4f7c166c5a18ULL,
    0x0856ebd04bdcc953ULL,
    0xeec423c4c81e3c65ULL,
    0x0fe110a084141f59ULL,
    0x5967b4bca28de312ULL,
    0xb2e534fb4bc88391ULL,
    0x174b91a8d27f409dULL,
    0xf3a2dcd21bae4919ULL,
    0xa4767e14b95adf38ULL,
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    0x13402769dc9da361ULL,
    0x35832a72d7867b05ULL,
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    0x7142db6082e23f0eULL,
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    0x411169b3cc4d2938ULL,
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    0x3ee28286b7fb6bd9ULL,
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    0x177bffaf24689dabULL,
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    0x2afe23ad7e7d64eeULL,
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    0x52ef096bb35e1c0dULL,
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    0x096d359977f58b8eULL,
    0xfe552ed33c46d0fbULL,
    0x30de400c07364d98ULL,
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    0xb7b1f521b2cffd09ULL,
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    0x74cc87913e8fc54dULL,
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    0xc0d6a127b1e95606ULL,
    0xa5fb89708bb60bddULL,
    0x32c3cbfd9af652f4ULL,
    0xe693fa7b4c6820d5ULL,
    0x14183f649e3488f4ULL,
    0x2a493ed4e84d01e9ULL,
    0x5033458942015a8bULL,
    0x08e7eafa81e22990ULL,
    0xe61a4c18db1aa3d6ULL,
    0xe884ae998f479eb4ULL
};
unsigned long long zobvalh23(unsigned i)
{
    return ham23bit[i % 999];
}

#ifdef UNIT_TEST
#include <stdio.h>
int             main&#40;void&#41;
&#123;
    unsigned        index;
    for &#40;index = 0; index < 2000; index++)
        printf&#40;"zobvalh23&#40;%u&#41;=%llu\n", index, zobvalh23&#40;index&#41;);
    return 0;
&#125;
#endif